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Ace Therapeutics is committed to applying our platform technology to help our clients discover biomarkers for diabetes and its complications in affected tissues. These biomarkers are present in tissue samples and can provide a critical basis for early diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of treatment efficacy in diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease affecting almost every tissue and organ system, with metabolic ramifications extending far beyond impaired glucose metabolism. Diabetes may affect different organs (e.g., heart, pancreatic beta cells, liver, eyes, kidneys, nerves) of the same individual to varying degrees. In tissues, glycation and oxidative stress due to hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia lead to extensive modification of biomolecules by advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). For example, in skin tissues, glycation of cutaneous collagen and accumulation of AGEs are strongly associated with long-term diabetic complications, even after adjustment for HbA1c. Therefore, tissue-specific markers are important for the diagnosis of diabetes, screening of antidiabetic drugs and evaluation of their efficacy.
Fig. 1 Effects of T2DM on body organs. (Daryabor, G. et al., 2020)
Common tissue biomarkers for diabetes include
| Tissue Biomarkers in Diabetes | Applications | |
|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic tissue biomarkers | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | CCK plays a role in regulating insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. |
| Chymotrypsin | Chymotrypsin plays a role in regulating the incretin pathway, influencing the development of diabetes, and affecting the response to DPP-4 inhibitor treatment. | |
| Carboxypeptidase (CPE) | CPE plays a role in regulating metabolism, glucose homeostasis. | |
| Secretin (SCT) | SCT plays a role in enhancing glucose-triggered insulin release and carbohydrate metabolism. | |
| Liver Tissue Biomarkers | ALT、AST | Reflect liver damage and is associated with diabetes. |
| GS | Involved in glycogen synthesis, its reduced activity is associated with abnormalities in hepatic glycogen storage in diabetic individuals. | |
| FGF21 | A metabolic regulator associated with insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. | |
| Adipose Tissue Biomarkers | Adiponectin | Adipocytes secrete hormones that are anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing, and lipocalin levels are usually reduced in diabetic individuals. |
| Leptin | The hormone that regulates energy metabolism and appetite, leptin levels are usually elevated in individuals with type 2 diabetes. | |
| TNF-α | Inflammatory factors in adipose tissue, which are closely related to insulin resistance. | |
| Kidney Tissue Biomarkers | KIM-1 | An early marker of diabetic nephropathy, reflecting renal tubular injury.。 |
| NGAL | Early diagnostic markers for diabetic nephropathy. | |
| TGF-β | Closely related to the fibrotic and inflammatory processes of diabetic nephropathy. | |
| Vascular Tissue Biomarkers | ET-1 | Peptides secreted by vascular endothelial cells are associated with diabetic vasculopathy and endothelial dysfunction. |
| VCAM-1 | Reflect vascular inflammation and endothelial damage associated with cardiovascular complications of diabetes. | |
| AGEs | An important marker of diabetic vasculopathy, associated with vascular sclerosis and functional abnormalities. | |
| Retinal Tissue Biomarkers | VEGF | A key factor in diabetic retinopathy that promotes pathological angiogenesis. |
| ICAM-1 | Reflect retinal inflammation and vascular damage. | |
Ace Therapeutics provides diabetes-related tissue biomarker development and validation services. We specialize in developing bioanalytical solutions that require out-of-the-box thinking, and our full range of services, with a personalized focus, encompasses the biomarker support needed to take your drug development smoothly to the next stage.
Diabetes-related tissue biomarker discovery services
Our tissue biomarker discovery service covers the entire workflow from sample collection to data analysis. This includes biomarker collection and processing, high-precision detection, and in-depth data analysis based on bioinformatics. We are committed to providing clients with comprehensive and accurate solutions for biomarker research.
We can detect biomarkers in samples of diabetes-related tissues (e.g. pancreas, kidney, blood vessels, etc.) through advanced technologies such as gene sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics. We look for genes, proteins, or metabolites that are differentially expressed in diabetic tissues by comparing them with normal tissue samples.
We perform bioinformatics analyses on the large amount of data obtained from the assays, including differential expression analysis, clustering analysis, and pathway analysis. Through these analyses, we screen biomarker candidates with statistical and biological significance and gain insight into their potential mechanisms of action in the pathological process of diabetes.
Diabetes-related tissue biomarker validation services
We perform further validation of the screened biomarkers. For example, validation is performed by expanding the sample size, or functional validation is performed in animal models. Our validated tissue biomarkers can help our clients with early diagnosis of diabetes as well as drug development.
Ace Therapeutics performs whole genome sequencing (WGS) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of diabetes-related tissues (e.g., pancreas, kidney, adipose tissue, etc.). By comprehensively analyzing gene expression profiles and genomic variants, we can identify mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and differentially expressed genes associated with diabetes.
Ace Therapeutics utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) and high-throughput proteomics platforms to quantify protein expression profiles in tissue samples. We use protein modification analysis and protein interaction studies to reveal changes in protein function associated with diabetes.
We used LC-MS and GC-MS techniques to detect metabolites in tissue samples. In addition, our comprehensive data analysis services identify key metabolites and their metabolic pathways associated with diabetes pathology.
Ace Therapeutics performs comprehensive analysis of organs and tissues potentially affected by diabetes (heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves) through advanced in vitro imaging to discover novel biomarkers.
We validated the expression and function of these candidate markers by in vitro and in vivo experiments, including:
Ace Therapeutics is dedicated to advancing the research and translation of diabetes-related tissue biomarkers. Our professional technical team and rigorous research processes support the accurate diagnosis of diabetes and the development of antidiabetic drugs. For further information, please do not hesitate to contact us. Our expert team will collaborate closely with you to discuss project specifics and deliver a tailored solution.
Ace Therapeutics has a team of experts in the field of endocrine and metabolic research, aiming to provide innovative preclinical contract research solutions to cope with diabetes and its complications. We provide customized solutions and technical support, enabling the transformation of promising concepts into innovative treatments, thus accelerating the drug development process of diabetes.
