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* Services of Interest: Customized Animal Models of Refractive Error Development
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Customized Animal Models of Refractive Error Development

As a preclinical research service provider focused on ophthalmology, Ace Therapeutics is dedicated to providing customized animal models of refractive error development to support the discovery and preclinical development of therapeutics for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, from early mechanistic studies through to robust efficacy and safety profiling. Our team tailors species, induction paradigms, endpoints, and study designs to your program, enabling quantitative evaluation of refractive state, ocular structure, optical quality, and retinal function.

Refractive Error: Definition and Mechanisms

Refractive error, comprising principally myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, is characterized by a mismatch between ocular axial length and the overall optical power of the eye, such that the retinal image plane is displaced anterior or posterior to the photoreceptor layer or varies between meridians. Postnatal emmetropization is a visually guided, feedback-regulated process that coordinates axial elongation and ocular optics to reduce defocus; experimental disruption of this process reliably generates defined refractive phenotypes. Lens-induced and form-deprivation paradigms across multiple species yield robust, reproducible models that recapitulate the structural, optical, and molecular signatures of refractive error and support mechanistic and therapeutic investigations.

$Fig. 1. Refractive error classification: schematic diagram.$ Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of refractive errors. (Harb EN and Wildsoet CF, 2019)

Explore Our Animal Models of Refractive Error Development

Building on current understanding of emmetropization and visually guided eye growth, our scientists focus on the development of customized animal models of refractive error development tailored to specific program objectives. By integrating species selection, induction strategy, age window, target refractive range, and study duration, we generate reproducible myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic phenotypes suitable for both exploratory and later-stage preclinical studies. These animal models of refractive error development serve as a flexible platform aligned with downstream structural, functional, optical, and molecular endpoints, supporting mechanistic investigations, quantitative evaluation of efficacy, and optimization of potential therapeutics.

Preclinical Evaluation Services in Animal Models of Refractive Error Development

We combine these animal models of refractive error development with a focused panel of structural, functional, and optical readouts that are routinely applied in preclinical studies, supporting both mechanism-of-action investigations and quantitative efficacy profiling.

Service Category	Available Services
Refraction and Ocular Biometry	Objective refraction and axial biometry are used to track refractive status, axial length, and segmental changes over time, providing primary endpoints for myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic phenotypes.
Imaging of Ocular Structure	Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the anterior and posterior segment, complemented by fundus imaging where appropriate, enables longitudinal assessment of corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, retinal and choroidal thickness, and overall globe morphology under experimental manipulation or candidate exposure.
Optical Quality and Aberrations	Wavefront-based assessments of ocular optics characterize higher-order aberrations and on- and off-axis image quality, allowing correlation of induced refractive changes and optical designs with retinal image quality and observed effects of potential therapeutics.
Functional and Molecular Readouts	Electrophysiological recordings and selected molecular or histological analyses can be incorporated as needed to monitor retinal function and tissue remodeling, supporting integrated evaluation of efficacy and ocular tolerability within the same refractive error study framework.

Ace Therapeutics provides integrated preclinical services for refractive error therapeutic development, supporting in vivo evaluation of test articles and characterization of refractive development. Our team works closely with you to select appropriate models, refine study design, and tailor study outputs to your development objectives. To discuss how our services can support your next program, please contact us.

References

Hughes RP, Vincent SJ, Read SA, et al. Higher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review. Clin Exp Optom. 2020 Jan; 103(1): 68-85.
Harb EN, Wildsoet CF. Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2019 Sep 15; 5: 47-72.

For Research Use Only.